Abstract: This study presents a methodology to assess the feasibility of turning a conventional road infrastructure for the circulation of motorized vehicles into a sustainable mobility system through the incorporation of bicycle lane. The methodology includes five stages developed in two key moments: the collection and definition of parameters based on a literature review and, the analysis of selected road axes according to the study parameters: roadway section, bicycle lane slope and potentially benefited population. The assessment of the road infrastructure is based on six categories ranging from 1 to 0, where 1 represents the ideal situation and 0 the limit situation. The study will be carried out on the roads connecting the peri-urban sub-centers with the urban center, with the objective of promoting the safe use of bicycles as a means of transportation in an intermediate city in the Andes of Latin America, Cuenca in Ecuador. The study of the four proposed road axes indicates which road presents the optimal conditions for the incorporation of a bicycle lane in its current conditions.

Resumen: Este estudio presenta una metodología innovadora para evaluar la viabilidad de transformar la infraestructura vial convencional en Cuenca, Ecuador, en un sistema de movilidad sostenible mediante la inclusión de carriles para bicicletas. La metodología se compone de cinco etapas distribuidas en dos momentos clave: la recopilación y definición de parámetros, basados en una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, y el análisis de ejes viales seleccionados de acuerdo con los parámetros de estudio: sección de la calzada, pendiente de ciclovía y población potencialmente beneficiada. La valoración de la infraestructura vial se basa en una escala de seis categorías dende 1 representa la situación ideal y 0 la situación límite. Esta investigación se centra en las vías que conectan los subcentros periurbanos con el centro urbano, con el objetivo de fomentar el uso seguro de la bicicleta como medio de transporte en una ciudad intermedia de los Andes de América Latina, Cuenca en Ecuador. El análisis de los cuatro ejes viales propuestos revela la vía con las condiciones óptimas para la incorporación de una ciclovía en su estado actual.

Abstract Currently, the practice of cycling has had a considerable increase, as well as the use of mountain bikes (MTB) with rigid frames, used as a means of transportation and for competition, due to their affordable cost. This type of bicycles, when used for various purposes, present varied stresses in its frame, which leads to exceed the design requirements, presenting failures in the upper chainstays. This type of failure will be analized in this study, which is why the information regarding the frame material, acting loads and 3D modeling is collected. Subsequently, a homologation analysis of the failure is generated and an improvement proposal is determined by applying geometric optimization, where a thickness of 3,50 mm is determined in the upper sheaths, guaranteeing the resistance of the bicycle frame under the study conditions; that is, a drop of 60 cm and a load of 74 kg, this guarantees that the stress in the upper chainstays does not exceed the ultimate stress of the material of 890,94 MPa.

Resumen En la actualidad la práctica del ciclismo ha tenido un incremento considerable, así como el uso de bicicletas de montaña (Mountain Bike, MTB, en inglés), de cuadro rígido, utilizadas como medio de transporte y para competencia, debido a su costo asequible. Este tipo de bicicletas, al ser utilizadas para varios propósitos, presentan esfuerzos variados en su cuadro, que conllevan a sobrepasar las exigencias de diseño, presentándose fallos en las vainas superiores. Este tipo de fallo es analizado en este estudio, motivo por el cual se levanta la información referente al material del cuadro, cargas actuantes y modelado 3D. Posterior se genera un análisis de homologación del fallo y se determina una propuesta de mejora aplicando optimización geométrica, donde se determina un espesor de 3,50 mm en las vainas superiores, garantizando la resistencia del cuadro de bicicleta bajo las condiciones de estudio; es decir, un drop de 60 cm y carga de 74 kg, con la cual se garantiza que el esfuerzo en las vainas superiores no sobrepase el esfuerzo último del material de 890,94 MPa.

ABSTRACT: As an essential way to enhance farmers’ self-development ability, off-farm employment plays an indispensable role in farmers’ multidimensional poverty reduction in many countries. Employing a survey of 1926 farmers in five provinces of the Yellow River Basin in China, this paper examined the multi-dimensional poverty reduction effect of off-farm employment and the heterogeneous influence of different dimensions of off-farm employment (modes, levels, distances and frequency). The results showed that (1) although absolute poverty in the income dimension was largely eliminated in the Yellow River Basin, the poverty in social resources, transportation facilities, employment security were the key bottlenecks restricting farmers’ self-development. (2) The province with the best multidimensional poverty reduction effect for non-farm employment was Shaanxi, with the largest contribution to employment security. (3) Improving off-farm employment level, distance and time can significantly alleviate the multi-dimensional poverty of farmers. Therefore, to lessen the multi-dimensional poverty of farmers in the Yellow River Basin, it is necessary to focus on the governance of multi-dimensional key poverty-stricken areas, such as the middle and upper courses of the Yellow River, adopting multidimensional poverty alleviation strategy of off-farm employment according to local conditions, working on the farmers’ deficiencies in social resources, mobility, employment security, and deepening the effect of off-farm employment on benefiting farmers and helping the poor.

RESUMO: Como uma forma essencial de aumentar a capacidade de autodesenvolvimento dos agricultores, o emprego fora da fazenda desempenha um papel indispensável na redução da pobreza multidimensional dos agricultores em muitos países. Empregando uma pesquisa com 1926 agricultores em cinco províncias da Bacia do Rio Amarelo na China, este documento examina o efeito multidimensional de redução da pobreza do emprego e a influência heterogênea de diferentes dimensões do emprego fora da fazenda (modos, níveis, distâncias e frequência). Os resultados mostram que (1) embora a pobreza absoluta na dimensão da renda tenha sido em grande parte eliminada na Bacia do Rio Amarelo, a pobreza em recursos sociais, facilidades de transporte e segurança no emprego são os principais gargalos que restringem o autodesenvolvimento dos agricultores. (2) A província com o melhor efeito multidimensional de redução da pobreza para o emprego não agrícola foi Shaanxi, com a maior contribuição para a segurança no emprego. (3) A melhoria do nível de emprego fora da fazenda, distância e tempo pode aliviar significativamente a pobreza multidimensional dos agricultores. Portanto, para diminuir esta pobreza é necessário concentrar-se na governança de áreas-chave multidimensionais atingidas, tais como os cursos médio e superior do Rio Amarelo, adotando uma estratégia multidimensional de redução da pobreza de emprego fora da fazenda de acordo com as condições locais, trabalhando nas deficiências dos agricultores em recursos sociais, mobilidade, segurança no emprego e aprofundando o efeito do emprego fora da fazenda em benefício dos agricultores e ajudando os pobres.

Abstract Among the different handling techniques in aquaculture, the use of anesthetics has had a growing interest focused on guaranteeing animal welfare, and reducing possible stress situations during general handling. The aim of this study was to present the use of eugenol and lidocaine with non-invasive anesthesia procedures in Dormitator latifrons, in which the different stages of anesthesia (induction and recovery) were determined. One hundred and twenty healthy fish of average weight of 73.59 ± 13.53 g and standard length of 17 ± 1.36 cm were used. The experimental fish were subjected to fasting for 24 h prior to the tests. Five fish were subjected to eugenol (25, 50, 100, and 200 µL/L), and lidocaine (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L), in triplicate. The time to reach deep and recovery anesthesia were recorded and the data analyzed using ANOVA (α= 0.05). Organisms exposed to anesthetics evidenced early episodes of fast, short-distance swimming (initial hyperactivity) for short periods of time. Survival was 100% with both compounds and concentrations. Fish exposed to a eugenol concentration of 200 µL/L had longer anesthesia times and took longer time to recover (P<0.05). The most effective concentrations for eugenol and lidocaine were of 200 µL/L and 400 µL/L in juvenile fish, promoting rapid inductions, without compromising the conditions for the recovery of the fish. This work provides practical information for handling and transportation D. latiforns with the least possible stress and ensuring animal welfare.

Resumo Dentre as diferentes técnicas de manejo na aquicultura, o uso de anestésicos tem despertado interesse crescente voltado para a garantia do bem-estar animal, reduzindo possíveis situações de estresse durante o manejo geral. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o uso de eugenol e lidocaína com procedimentos anestésicos não invasivos em Dormitator latifrons, nos quais foram determinadas as diferentes etapas da anestesia (indução e recuperação). Foram utilizados 120 peixes saudáveis, com peso médio de 73,59 ± 13,53 g e 17 ± 1,36 cm de comprimento, em jejum de 24 horas antes dos testes. Cinco peixes foram submetidos a eugenol (25, 50, 100 e 200 µL/L) e lidocaína (100, 200, 300 e 400 mg/L), em triplicata. O tempo para atingir a anestesia profunda e de recuperação foi registrado, os dados foram analisados com ANOVA (α= 0,05). Organismos expostos a anestésicos evidenciaram episódios precoces de nado rápido de curta distância (hiperatividade inicial) por curtos períodos de tempo. A sobrevivência atinge 100% com ambos compostos e concentrações. Peixes expostos a uma concentração de eugenol de 200 µL/L tiveram tempos de anestesia mais longos e demoraram mais para se recuperar (P<0,05). As concentrações mais efetivas para eugenol e lidocaína foram de 200 µL/L e 400 µL/L em peixes juvenis, promovendo induções rápidas, sem comprometer as condições de recuperação dos peixes. Este trabalho fornece informações práticas para o manejo e transporte de D. latifrons com o mínimo de estresse possível e garantindo o bem-estar animal.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to describe and analyze the main elements resulting from an investigation aimed at characterizing the demand for undergraduate degrees in higher education in Paraguay, prioritizing the demand over public university education in the districts with headquarters and affiliates of the National University of Itapúa. The study was carried out in the second semester of 2019, assuming the collection of information through a structured questionnaire in representative schools of Itapúa, as an approximation to the intentions of continuing higher education, the chosen careers and the anticipated universities. The data show that the demand for higher education is strongly conditioned by the limited capacity of the basic and secondary education subsystem to retain the entrant population, the inequality of opportunities originated in the social structure, as well as the relationship between places offered, pre-registered and entrants to university degree education. The decentralization of the educational offer by the UNI represents a valid scheme to bring the offers of careers and degrees closer to the population of higher education age in the thirty districts of the Department, although it requires adjustments for its maximization. The results could contribute to decision-making for the continuous improvement of education and the satisfaction of the needs of the population. It is concluded that the decentralization of UNI careers brings study possibilities closer to the population, however, this situation is not enough to reach the entire population with an interest in studying, there are barriers in terms of transportation and economic resources. to cover study costs. It is necessary to systematize the information that serves as a basis for this type of research, and delve into the systematized data, or go in search of new elements that allow us to understand with greater certainty the reason for the data that has just been presented and analyzed.

RESUMEN Este trabajo se propone describir y analizar los principales elementos resultantes de una investigación orientada a caracterizar la demanda de carreras de grado de la educación superior en Paraguay, priorizando la demanda sobre la educación universitaria pública en los distritos con sede y filiales de la Universidad Nacional de Itapúa. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el segundo semestre de 2019, suponiendo la colecta de información mediante cuestionario estructurado en colegios representativos de Itapúa, como una aproximación a las intenciones de continuar estudios superiores, las carreras elegidas y las universidades previsualizadas. Los datos muestran que la demanda de educación superior se encuentra fuertemente condicionada por la escasa capacidad del subsistema educativo básico y medio para retener la población ingresante, la des- igualdad de oportunidades originadas en la estructura social, así como de la relación entre cupos ofertados, preinscritos e ingresantes a la educación de grado universitario. La descentralización de la oferta educativa por parte de la UNI representa un esquema válido para acercar las ofertas de carreras y titulación a la población en edad de educación superior en los treinta distritos del Departamento, aunque requiere ajustes para su maximización. Los resultados podrían contribuir a la toma de decisiones para la mejora continua de la educación y con la satisfacción de las necesidades de la población. Se concluye en que la descentralización de las carreras de la UNI acerca las posibilidades de estudio a la población, sin embargo, esta situación no es suficiente para llegar a toda la población con interés de estudiar, existen barreras en cuanto al transporte y los recursos económicos para hacer frente a los costos de estudio. Es necesaria la sistematización de la información que sirva de base a este tipo de investigaciones, y profundizar dentro de los datos sistematizados o bien, ir en busca de nuevos elementos que permitan comprender con mayor seguridad el porqué de los datos que acaban de presentarse y analizarse.

Resumo Introdução: A internação é um recurso do sistema de saúde utilizado na tentativa de recuperar a saúde do indivíduo. No entanto, o aumento do tempo médio de permanência está relacionado tanto ao aumento dos custos quanto com a qualidade da assistência. Objetivos: Identificar os fatores que contribuem para o aumento do tempo de permanência na Unidade de Clínica Médica de um hospital público do Distrito Federal. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório de cunho qualitativo, realizado com 15 profissionais da Unidade de Clínica Médica. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de 10 de outubro a 30 de novembro de 2021. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo de Bardin: pré-análise, exploração do material e tratamento dos resultados, inferência e interpretação. Resultados: Foi possível encontrar três núcleos de sentido que foram divididos em três categorias: 1 - Fatores que contribuem com o aumento do tempo de internação; 2 - Necessidades de aprendizagens para otimização do processo de desospitalização; e 3 - Aprimoramento do processo de gestão em saúde. Conclusões: A demora na realização dos exames deu-se tanto pela demora no agendamento pelo sistema de regulação quanto pela falta de logística do Núcleo de Apoio e Remoção do Paciente, que deixa de conduzir o paciente por falta de transporte e motorista, os quais podem ser melhorados por intervenção dos gestores locais.

Abstract Introduction: Hospitalization is a resource of the health system used in an attempt to recover the individual's health. However, the increase in the average length of stay is related to both the increase in costs and the quality of care. Goals: To identify the factors that contribute to the increase in the length of stay in the Internal Medicine Unit of a public hospital in the Federal District. Methods: This is a descriptive, exploratory qualitative study, carried out with 15 professionals from the Internal Medicine Unit. Data collection took place from October 10 to November 30, 2021. Data were analyzed using Bardin's content analysis: pre-analysis, material exploration and treatment of results, inference and interpretation. Results: It was possible to find three core meanings that were divided into three categories: 1 - Factors that contribute to the increase in length of stay; 2 - Learning needs to optimize the dehospitalization process; and 3 - Improvement of the health management process. Conclusions: The delay in carrying out the exams was due both to the delay in scheduling by the regulation system, and to the lack of logistics at the Patient Support and Removal Center, which stops taking the patient due to lack of transportation and a driver, which can be improved by the intervention of local managers.

Resumen Los mecanismos de transporte de radiación ionizante en presencia de campos magnéticos pueden ser descritos mediante formulaciones basadas en la aplicación de la ecuación principal de Boltzmann. Sin embargo, cuando el transporte no es en vacío sino en medios materiales dispersores la dificultad en el cálculo analítico de la trayectoria de los electrones se incrementa considerablemente debido al carácter aleatorio de los procesos de interacción de la radiación con el medio dispersor. En este contexto, el presente trabajo propone y describe una metodología para caracterizar mediante técnicas numéricas, como la simulación Monte Carlo, el efecto de campos magnéticos intensos, presentes típicamente en los dispositivos de MRI-LINAC, sobre la trayectoria de partículas cargadas, propagándose en un medio material comúnmente presente en situaciones de radioterapia. Los resultados obtenidos para el aire como medio dispersor, indican que las variaciones de las trayectorias de los electrones dependen conjuntamente de la intensidad y dirección del campo magnético y de las interacciones por colisión con el medio material. El aumento de la intensidad de campo magnético incrementa la curvatura de las trayectorias y disminuye el desplazamiento, o corrimiento, en la dirección radial.

Abstrac Ionizing radiation transport mechanisms in presence of magnetic fields can be described in terms of formalisms based on the Boltzmann radiation transport equation. However, when the transport occurs not in vacuum but in scattering media the difficulty of its analytical calculation considerably increases because of the random character of the radiation interaction processes with the scattering medium. In this context, the present work proposes and describe a methodology to characterize effects due to strong magnetic fields on electron trajectories by means of numerical techniques, such as Monte Carlo simulation, to be applied to scattering media, typically present in MRI-LINAC devices in radiotherapy situations. The obtained results for air as the scattering material show that variations of the electrons' trajectories depend jointly on the magnetic field and the interactions with the scattering medium. Increasing the magnetic field intensity enhances the curvature of the trajectories while decreasing the displacement in the radial direction.

Abstract E-bikes are an emerging sustainable means of transportation, if adopted massively, they can help face the challenger of human mobility in urban centers world-wide. In Cuenca, Ecuador, the local government built cycle routes (13.47km) connecting strategic points to facilitate and encourage sustainable mobility. However, the effective implementation of the electromobility strategies at a large scale entails impacts on the power grid, like the increase in the energy demand and the possible decrease of the energy quality due to the harmonic distortion that characterizes the battery´s charging current. This research aims to obtain a primary input to evaluate such impacts through an energy efficiency study of an urban e-bike charged by a standalone solar photovoltaic charging station implemented in the Microgrid Laboratory of Universidad de Cuenca. The methodology includes the experimental characterization of the battery’s charging regime, the vehicle’s energy efficiency calculation, and the evaluation of its compliance with Ecuadorian grid code No. ARCERNNR – 002/20. Results show that the battery’s charger performs a charging regime standardized by German regulations, delivering 92% of charge in 4.82 hours. The e-bike’s calculated average energy efficiency is 2.18 kWh/100 miles or 73.77 m/Wh, and a fuel economy of 1545.1 MPGe. Finally, the magnitude of the first four odd harmonic components and the total harmonic distortion of the charging current exceeds the limits established by the grid code in force.

Resumen Las bicicletas eléctricas (e- bikes) son un medio de transporte sostenible emergente. Si se adoptan masivamente, ayudarían a enfrentar los desafíos de movilidad humana en las ciudades del mundo. En Cuenca, Ecuador, el Gobierno local construyó ciclovías (13,46 km) que conectan puntos estratégicos, para facilitar y fomentar la movilidad sostenible. Sin embargo, la implementación efectiva de las estrategias de electromovilidad a gran escala conlleva impactos en la red eléctrica, como el aumento de la demanda de energía y la posible disminución de su calidad debido a la distorsión armónica de la corriente de carga de la batería. El propósito de esta investigación es hacer una evaluación preliminar de dichos impactos, mediante el estudio de eficiencia energética de una e-bike urbana cargada con una estación solar fotovoltaica aislada, implementada en el Laboratorio de Micro- Red de la Universidad de Cuenca. La metodología incluye la caracterización experimental del régimen de carga de la batería, el cálculo de la eficiencia energética del vehículo y la evaluación del cumplimiento de la normativa ecuatoriana ARCERNNR – 002/20, los resultados muestran que el cargador de la batería implementa un régimen de carga estandarizado por normas alemanas, entregando 92% de carga en 4,82 horas. La eficiencia energética promedio de la e-bike es 2,18 kWh/100 millas o 73,77 m/Wh, y una economía de combustible de 1545,1 MPGe. Finalmente, la magnitud de las primeras cuatro componentes armónicas impares y la distorsión armónica total de la corriente de carga supera los límites establecidos por la normativa.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The oral cavity hosts a large number of microorganisms, such as Gram negative bacilli, and among them, bacteria of great medical importance due to their capacity to cause serious diseases for humans, especially in immunosuppressed patients. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of Gram Negative Bacilli and their patterns of resistance to antibiotics, in a student population of the city of Asunción, in the years 2019 and 2020. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, where oral cavity swabs were made from 35 students between 18 and 24 years of age, from a private university in the city of Asunción. Informed consent signed by the participants was required and those who had antibiotic treatments were excluded. The samples were obtained with a cotton swab, later they were placed in a transport medium to later be cultured in MacConkey Agar. The culture was carried out for 48 hours at 37° Celsius, then the bacterial identification was carried out. Finally, the antibiogram was performed. Results: Of the 35 students, a frequency of 48,57% of Gram negative bacilli was found. Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were the most frequent (35.29%). The bacteria were found to be highly resistant to Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid. Conclusions: The presence of these types of microorganisms can be dangerous for the general health of people, specifically of patients with some type of immunosuppression, due to the great resistance to antibiotics presented by some strains.

RESUMEN Introducción: La cavidad bucal hospeda una gran cantidad de microorganismos, como los bacilos Gram negativos, y entre ellas, bacterias de gran importancia médica debido a su capacidad de producir enfermedades graves para el ser humano, especialmente en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la presencia de Bacilos Gram Negativos y sus patrones de resistencia a antibióticos, en una población estudiantil de la ciudad de Asunción, en los años 2019 y 2020. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, donde se realizaron hisopados de la cavidad bucal a 35 alumnos de entre 18 a 24 años, de una universidad privada en la ciudad de Asunción. Se requirió consentimiento informado firmado por los participantes y fueron excluidos quienes tuvieron tratamientos antibióticos. Las muestras fueron obtenidas con un hisopo de algodón, posteriormente se colocaron en un medio de transporte para luego ser cultivadas en Agar MacConkey. El cultivo se realizó por 48 horas a 37° centígrados, luego se procedió a la identificación bacteriana. Por último, se realizó el antibiograma. Resultados: De los 35 alumnos se encontró una frecuencia de 48,57% de bacilos Gram negativos. Cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae fueron las más frecuentes (35,29%). Se observó que las bacterias eran altamente resistentes a la Amoxicilina/Ácido Clavulánico. Conclusiones: La presencia de estos tipos de microorganismos puede ser peligrosa para la salud general de las personas, específicamente de los pacientes con algún tipo de inmunodepresión, debido a la gran la resistencia a antibióticos presentadas por algunas cepas.

Abstract Water contamination with heavy metals represents a problem for human health and the environment. Zinc is one of the most common metals in water pollution, which is used in a wide variety of industrial processes. Electrodialysis is an electrochemical technique used for the removal of metal ions, where they are separated from the aqueous solution by a transportation process under the influence of an electric field. It is a promising technique due to its high efficiency and low cost. As the demand for clean water increases, electrodialysis becomes an attractive alternative for contaminant removal, especially in areas where water resources are scarce or where conventional methods are not effective. In this paper, the electrodialysis process and its application in the removal of zinc from water in a synthetic effluent will be described.

Resumen La contaminación del agua con metales pesados representa una problemática para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. El zinc es uno de metales más comunes en la contaminación del agua, que se realiza en una amplia variedad de procesos industriales. La electrodiálisis es una técnica electroquímica utilizada para la eliminación de iones metálicos, en dónde, estos se separan de la solución acuosa mediante un proceso de transporte bajo la influencia de un campo eléctrico. Es una técnica prometedora debido a su alta eficiencia y bajo costo. A medida que la demanda de agua limpia aumenta, la electrodiálisis se convierte en una alternativa atractiva para la eliminación de contaminantes, especialmente en áreas donde los recursos hídricos son escasos o donde los métodos convencionales no son efectivos. En este artículo, se describirá el proceso de electrodiálisis y su aplicación en la remoción de zinc del agua en un efluente sintético.

Resumen. Las zonas metropolitanas concentran población y atraen actividades económicas, induciendo la necesidad de realizar viajes dentro de su territorio. Por ello, la presente investigación analiza las características y distribución espacial de los viajes por motivos tanto obligados como opcionales en los principales medios de transporte, y se emplea la encuesta Origen Destino para analizar el modelo clásico de la movilidad. Los resultados muestran que el autobús es el principal medio para realizar desplazamientos por motivo educativos, mientras el automóvil es mayormente utilizado con propósitos de compras y de trabajo, además que la centralidad de la residencia se relaciona directamente con la del empleo.

Abstract. The population and the economic activities in a region are attracted to the metropolitan areas, inducing travel needs. This research analyzes the characteristics and spatial distribution of the mandatory and optional trips by transport means, using an Origin Destination Survey for the classic transport model. The results show that the bus is used for school mobility, while the car is mostly used for shopping and work; and that the centrality level of residence is directly related to the job centrality.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, all transport and storage of native forest products and by-products must be registered within the DOF (Document of Forestry Origin) system. This computerized platform exists to support control agencies in reducing the sale of forest products obtained illegally. However, this tool still shows only modest results in fulfilling its objectives, since gaps in the system allow illegal wood to be acquired and enter the system as legal wood. The objective of this study was to test whether the volumetric yield coefficient (CRV) of a sawmill on an industrial scale corresponds to the 35% established by Brazilian legislation. The focus was directed at a loophole that allows the accumulation of virtual credits in the DOF system by turning logs into lumber. For this purpose, we estimated the sawmill’s CRV and mean percentage yield of 19 commercial species used by a timber company in the Brazilian Amazon with a sample size of 90 logs. The estimated CRV was 24.6 ± 2.4, showing 9.9% uncertainty. The mean CRV differed highly significantly (p < 0.001) from that proposed by the DOF, with a 10.35% difference. Based on these results, the difference between the observed yield and that proposed by the legislation can generate the accumulation of virtual log credits. With this accumulation, managers encounter difficulties in acquiring new logging permits and, consequently, do not meet the actual demand for logs to the sawmill’s capacity.

RESUMO No Brasil, todo transporte e armazenamento de produtos e subprodutos florestais nativos deve ser registrado no sistema DOF (Documento de Origem Florestal). Essa plataforma informatizada existe para apoiar agências de controle na redução da venda de produtos florestais obtidos ilegalmente. No entanto, essa ferramenta ainda apresenta resultados modestos no cumprimento de seus objetivos, uma vez que lacunas no sistema permitem que madeira ilegal adquira caráter legal. O objetivo desse estudo foi testar se o coeficiente de rendimento volumétrico (CRV) de uma serraria em escala empresarial corresponde aos 35% estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. O foco foi direcionado para uma brecha que permite o acúmulo de créditos virtuais no sistema DOF, por meio da transformação de toras em material serrado. Para tanto, estimamos o CRV da serraria e os rendimentos percentuais médios de 19 espécies comercializadas por uma empresa de base florestal na Amazônia brasileira, com um esforço amostral de 90 toras. O CRV estimado foi de 24,6 ± 2,4, mostrando incerteza de 9,9%. O CRV médio diferiu altamente significativamente (p < 0,001) do proposto pelo DOF, com uma diferença de 10,35%. Com base nesses resultados, a diferença entre o rendimento observado e o proposto pela legislação pode gerar um acúmulo de créditos em toras virtuais. Com esse acúmulo, os gestores enfrentam dificuldades para adquirir novas licenças de exploração e, consequentemente, não atendem à real demanda por toras da capacidade instalada de sua serraria.

SUMMARY: Respiration and water-liquid transportation are controlled by many factors in the lung. The aim of this study was to explore the structure and proteins expression in lungs of Phrynocephalus vlangalii by means of gross anatomy, light microscope observation, scanning electron microscope and immunohistochemistry. Results show that there were many alveoli in the lung and the walls of alveoli and capillaries were very thin. The inner surface of the lung was divided into many cystic chambers by reticular diaphragm, and the network of pulmonary capillaries was dense. Immunohistochemistry showed that AQP1 was mainly expressed in the epithelium of interstitial bronchi, parabronchiole endothelium, capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelial cells. VIP positive nerve fibers are mainly distributed in trachea, bronchial smooth muscle layer, the walls of pulmonary vessels and bronchial vessels and around submucosal glands. CECR2 is distributed in peripheral capillaries and small. Investigations of structure and proteins biology could be relevant with the adaptive strategy to drought and hypoxia environment in Phrynocephalus vlangalii.

RESUMEN: La respiración y el transporte de agua y líquido están controlados en el pulmón por muchos factores. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la estructura y la expresión de proteínas en los pulmones de Phrynocephalus vlangalii por medio de la anatomía macroscópica, observación con microscopio óptico, microscopio electrónico de barrido e inmunohistoquímica. Los resultados muestran que había muchos alvéolos en el pulmón y que las paredes de los alvéolos y de los capilares eran muy delgadas. La superficie interna del pulmón estaba dividida en cámaras quísticas por el diafragma reticular y se observó una densa red de capilares pulmonares. La inmunohistoquímica mostró que AQP1 se expresaba principalmente en el epitelio de los bronquios intersticiales, el endotelio parabronquial, el endotelio capilar y las células epiteliales alveolares. Las fibras nerviosas VIP positivas se distribuyen principalmente en la tráquea, la capa de músculo liso bronquial, las paredes de los vasos pulmonares y los vasos bronquiales y alrededor de las glándulas submucosas. CECR2 se distribuye en pequeño capilares periféricos. Las investigaciones de la biología de la estructura y las proteínas podrían ser relevantes con la estrategia de adaptación al entorno de sequía e hipoxia en Phrynocephalus vlangalii.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a associação entre a autoavaliação de saúde dos professores e as condições que eles encontram para trabalhar nas escolas da Educação Básica no Brasil. Estudo transversal, realizado entre 2015 e 2016, representativo dos professores da Educação Básica do País, cuja variável desfecho foi a autoavaliação de saúde (AAS). As variáveis explicativas foram as características relacionadas ao trabalho. Para avaliar os fatores associados à AAS foi utilizado o Modelo de Regressão Logística de Chances Proporcionais. A prevalência de AAS ruim foi de 27%. A probabilidade de pior AAS foi significativamente maior para o grupo que informou episódios de violência verbal (OR=1,26; IC95% 1,09-1,44), pressão laboral (OR=1,18; IC95% 1,04-1,33), e deslocamento para escola superior a 50 minutos (OR=1,19; IC95% 1,03-1,38). A probabilidade de pior AAS foi significativamente menor para aqueles que relataram dispor de tempo suficiente para cumprir suas tarefas (OR=0,77; IC95% 0,64-0,92), apoio social (OR=0,79; IC95% 0,69-0,89) e satisfação com o próprio trabalho (OR=0,79; IC95% 0,69-0,91). Ações sobre o ambiente e a organização escolar e melhorias no transporte dos professores para o trabalho são desejáveis.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the association between teachers’ self-rated health and the conditions in which they work in Basic Education schools in Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional study, carried out between 2015 and 2016, representative of Basic Education teachers in the country, the outcome variable of which was self-rated health (SRH). The explanatory variables were the work-related characteristics. To assess the factors associated with SRH, the Proportional Odds Logistic Regression Model was used. The prevalence of poor SRH was 27%. The probability of poor SRH was significantly higher for the group that reported episodes of verbal violence (OR=1.26; 95%CI 1.09-1.44), work pressure (OR=1.18; 95%CI 1, 04-1.33), and a commute to school of more than 50 minutes (OR=1.19; 95%CI 1.03-1.38). The probability of poor SRH was significantly better for those who reported having enough time to complete their tasks (OR=0.77; 95%CI 0.64-0.92), social support (OR=0.79; 95%CI 0.69-0.89) and satisfaction with their workload (OR=0.79; 95%CI 0.69-0.91). Actions on the school environment and organization and improvements in the transport of teachers to work are desirable.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a associação entre a autoavaliação de saúde dos professores e as condições que eles encontram para trabalhar nas escolas da Educação Básica no Brasil. Estudo transversal, realizado entre 2015 e 2016, representativo dos professores da Educação Básica do País, cuja variável desfecho foi a autoavaliação de saúde (AAS). As variáveis explicativas foram as características relacionadas ao trabalho. Para avaliar os fatores associados à AAS foi utilizado o Modelo de Regressão Logística de Chances Proporcionais. A prevalência de AAS ruim foi de 27%. A probabilidade de pior AAS foi significativamente maior para o grupo que informou episódios de violência verbal (OR=1,26; IC95% 1,09-1,44), pressão laboral (OR=1,18; IC95% 1,04-1,33), e deslocamento para escola superior a 50 minutos (OR=1,19; IC95% 1,03-1,38). A probabilidade de pior AAS foi significativamente menor para aqueles que relataram dispor de tempo suficiente para cumprir suas tarefas (OR=0,77; IC95% 0,64-0,92), apoio social (OR=0,79; IC95% 0,69-0,89) e satisfação com o próprio trabalho (OR=0,79; IC95% 0,69-0,91). Ações sobre o ambiente e a organização escolar e melhorias no transporte dos professores para o trabalho são desejáveis.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the association between teachers’ self-rated health and the conditions in which they work in Basic Education schools in Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional study, carried out between 2015 and 2016, representative of Basic Education teachers in the country, the outcome variable of which was self-rated health (SRH). The explanatory variables were the work-related characteristics. To assess the factors associated with SRH, the Proportional Odds Logistic Regression Model was used. The prevalence of poor SRH was 27%. The probability of poor SRH was significantly higher for the group that reported episodes of verbal violence (OR=1.26; 95%CI 1.09-1.44), work pressure (OR=1.18; 95%CI 1, 04-1.33), and a commute to school of more than 50 minutes (OR=1.19; 95%CI 1.03-1.38). The probability of poor SRH was significantly better for those who reported having enough time to complete their tasks (OR=0.77; 95%CI 0.64-0.92), social support (OR=0.79; 95%CI 0.69-0.89) and satisfaction with their workload (OR=0.79; 95%CI 0.69-0.91). Actions on the school environment and organization and improvements in the transport of teachers to work are desirable.